Hieronymus Bosch Example For Students

Hieronymus Bosch Biography Outline1 Biography2 Key Ideas in painting3 Famous artistic creations made by Hieronymus Bosch3.1 The nursery of natural delights3.2 Seven lethal sins symbols3.3 Hell3.4 Mary and John at the Foot of the Cross3.5 The Haywain Triptych Memoir Jeroen Anthoniszoon van Aken, also called Hieronymus Bosch, is a Dutch or Netherlandishâ hereditary painter and designer, perhaps the best ace of the Northern Renaissance time frame. He is likewise one of the agents of the Early Netherlandish paintingâ school. For the most part, he is notable as the phenomenal artist of strict ideas and stories. His life story is as yet secured with a puzzle; he is viewed as one of the most secretive painters throughout the entire existence of Western workmanship. Hieronymus Bosch was conceived c.â 1450 in Brabant. The group of Van Aken (which means from Aachen) has been related with a pleasant art for quite a while. In 1478 his dad kicked the bucket, and Bosch acquired his craft workshop. The workshop of van Aken played out an assortment of requests principally divider canvases, yet additionally overlaying of wooden model and in any event, making church utensils. In 1486, he joined The Illustrious Brotherhood of Our Blessed Lady  a strict society established in 1318 in the town of Brabant and comprised of the two priests and laymen. The painter kicked the bucket on 9 August 1516. The memorial service was acted in the house of prayer of the Cathedral Church of St. John Key Ideas in painting Most assuredly, the specialty of Hieronymus Bosch has consistently had a gigantic intrigue. Beforehand, it was accepted that devilry on the photos of Bosch is planned uniquely to divert the crowd, stimulate their nerves, similar to those twisted figures that the bosses of the Italian Renaissance meshed into their adornments. Anyway, present day researchers have arrived at the determination that Bosch has an a lot further significance in his craftsmanship, and made numerous endeavors to clarify its importance, to discover its sources, and to decipher it. Some believe Bosch to be something like a surrealist of the fifteenth century, who extricated his uncommon pictures from the profundities of the inner mind, and, alluding to his name, consistently recall Salvador Dali. Others accept that painters workmanship reflects medieval elusive controls speculative chemistry, soothsaying, dark enchantment. In any case, others attempt to associate the craftsman with different strict sins that exi sted in that period. At the end of the day, his specialty had substantially more importance for counterparts of a craftsman than for the cutting edge observer. The medieval man got the required clarifications of the plots from an assortment of images, which have large amounts of Boschs works of art. The significance of numerous images is now hopelessly lost; the images changed their importance relying upon the specific circumstance, they were deciphered distinctively in various sources from supernatural treatises to handy enchantment, from old stories to ceremonial portrayals. Acclaimed works of art made by Hieronymus Bosch Based on the aftereffects of present day workmanship investigations of Bosch imagination, there are just 25 artistic creations and eight drawings that make certain to be his. His fine arts are triptychs, pieces of triptychs and free pictures. Just seven of painters works are agreed upon. History has not held the first names of the compositions that Bosch provided for his manifestations. The names known to us were fixed after the photos by indexes. Incidentally, his method is called alla prima. This is the strategy for oil painting, where the primary strokes make a last surface. His most popular triptych is The Garden of Earthly Delights.  It dates from somewhere in the range of 1490 and 1510 when Bosch was somewhere in the range of 40 and 60â years old. Presently it is housed in the Museo del Pradoâ in Madrid since 1939. Actually, the Prado Museum owns The Adoration of the Magi, The Garden of Earthly Delights, the tabletop painting of The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things and The Haywain Triptych. .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe , .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe .postImageUrl , .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe , .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe:hover , .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe:visited , .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe:active { border:0!important; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe:active , .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6 ba2643ab3ce9ebe .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u19f2b986627bc05d6ba2643ab3ce9ebe:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Caspar David FriedrichThe nursery of natural enjoyments To expound on Hieronymus Bosch’s triptych, referred to the advanced age as The Garden of Earthly Delights, is to endeavor to portray the incredible and to disentangle the indecipherableâ€an practice in franticness. So The Garden of Earthly Delights is the most mainstream triptych of Hieronymus Bosch. It got its name on the topic of the focal part and is committed to the wrongdoing of desire Luxuria. The first name of this work Bosch is obscure. The fundamental component of the triptych is the way the craftsman communicates the prevalent thought through a huge number of subtleties. On the left wing of the triptych, God is appeared, speaking to Eve to the staggered Adam in a quiet and tranquil Paradise. In the focal piece of a progression of scenes, the craftsman portrays a genuine nursery of pleasures, where secretive figures move with heaven smoothness. In the traditional, the most horrible and upsetting pictures of the entire work of art of Bosch are delineated: the numerous machines for torment and the beasts, created by his creative mind. Seven fatal sins images The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things is a well known painting credited to Hieronymus Bosch or to a supporter of his, finished around 1500 or later. Since 1898 its inventiveness has been scrutinized a great deal of times. The work of art is oil on wooden boards and is introduced in a progression of roundabout pictures. The focal part, comprising of four concentric circles, represents the All-Seeing Eye of God, in the student of which the risen Christ shows his injuries. There is a Latin engraving Cave, cavern, d n s videt (Beware, Beware, The Lord Sees) in the subsequent circle. The third circle speaks to beams, like sun based, and the fourth division shows seven destructive sins. Under the image of every one of the seven lethal sins is given its Latin name: Gluttony (gula), Sloth (acedia), Lust (luxuria), Pride (superbia), Wrath (ira), Envy (invidia), Greed (avaricia). The pictures of the seven fatal sins are organized around, which connotes the steadiness of their quality. Bosch remembered them for the iris of the eye of God and therefore made an admonition to the individuals who believe that he will get away from the ensuing discipline. For hell's sake The individuals that get lost are rebuffed by a little gathering of fallen angels. To be progressively accurate, there are singular punishments for every one of the seven sins. For example, the fragment at the base shows a villain demonstrating a mirror to the lady, appeared in the Pride (superbia) scene in the fine art, to show what sin consumed her during her life. Mary and John at the Foot of the Cross With a high level of unwavering quality, the initiation of Hieronymus Bosch was set up just for nine drawings. One of the most energizing and famous drawings is Mary and John at the Foot of the Cross. Surmised date of usage is somewhere in the range of 1465 and 1516. Presently she is kept in Berlin, Germany in a craftsmanship display. The Haywain Triptych The Haywain Triptych is one of the most baffling fine arts of Hieronymus Bosch. It is viewed as the first of the incredible humorous lecturing moral stories of the craftsmen develop time of inventiveness. The triptych has made due to our time in two forms in the Prado Museum and El Escorial. The two forms are very much saved, both experienced a huge scope reclamation, and in this way the assessments of researchers contrast being referred to which of them is the first. Maybe both of the triptychs are firsts. Be that as it may, regardless, the pictures on the external entryways are plainly made by a brush of one of the students or understudies of Bosch. A procession follows the gigantic feed carriage, among them the sovereign and the pope (with conspicuous highlights of Alexander VI). Agents of different homes (workers, townspeople, pastors, and nuns) grasp a bunc

Discuss the four core strategies that underpin the modern concept of Essay

Talk about the four center techniques that support the advanced idea of Risk Management and Control. Relate these center systems to down to earth security - Essay Example xecuted in an assortment of ways, which contains techniques including the exchange of the hazard toward another gathering, keeping away from any such dangers in advance, decrease of the eventual outcomes and results of the hazard once it hits the association or for another situation, tolerating the outcomes presented by a hazard. Likewise, the nature of hazard the executives relies upon the sort of hazard presented on an association, for example if there should arise an occurrence of a physical hazard; the hazard the executives would include examination of powerful dangers on property of the association, while money related dangers might be settled by considering protection alternatives and so forth. Likewise, the dangers might be started from a wide range of sources, for example, there might be natural, mechanical, and political or at times even hierarchical dangers included, which the administrator may need to manage. Before the execution of the hazard the board, evaluation of the hazard is very vital. This includes the examination over the degree of the seriousness of any sort of potential misfortune which may happen or the risked of the event of the misfortune. The director must gauge the worth by means of different pointers he/she may think of during the examination. Be that as it may, if the factual information is accessible for the reason, this would be a perfect circumstance, as the hazard appraisal for this situation would be the most precise one. Hazard appraisal, here, suggests that the administrator attempts the all encompassing perspective on the association, thinking about the assets, inward and outside condition, alongside the economic situations and whatever other components which must be considered to make an expectation on what sort of dangers may influence the association. In light of this investigation, the chief obviously distinguishing the nature and the degree, likewise the li kelihood if the dangers which the association may need to look later on. When the examination is directed, the director would then be able to consider the choices and afterward set aside impressive effort to pick the most alluring alternatives to keep away from any sort of

This Post Has a Happy Ending

This Post Has a Happy Ending Do you know what “hosed” means? Urban Dictionary defines it as, “impossibly busy with less time or resources to complete everything than available (as in trying to drink from a firehose). (context: MIT)” I drank from the firehose this month. This post is about that, and it has a happy ending. The past is a lesson learned. I share it with you I can’t say for sure when the Plague started, but I remember clearly the day it overtook me. I could not do math. I failed to comprehend chemistry. I wrote my last blog post in a desperate attempt to preserve inspiration, and the next day I could do it no more. Spurts of productivity came at unpredictable times in the evening. I’d immediately sit down to compose frantic emails to professors: “I have been ill for quite some time now, and it is incredibly difficult for me to complete my work.” Then I’d solve a problem or two, and the fever again would conquer my body. From that point, a simple task or calculation could take two hours, most of those spent trying to focus on symbols when the body wanted only to escape to bed. I began to doubt the days of hazy exhaustion could end. Then I got a 20% on my first MIT math exam. On the same day, both my math professors brought up the possibility of failure. So I made an appointment at Student Support Services, the office responsible for advocating for the students’ academic success. I expected a bright solution. “Maybe it would be better if you took leave this semester,” the S^3 Dean suggested instead. I was stunned. Every part of my body abhorred that idea. I could not, at the dawn of a new life, break down from a petty virus. I could do well on exams (luckily, I managed to take one before I got ill). I could not leave MIT. Whatever the Plague was, I would fight against it to preserve a haven. I wanted desperately to return to “me,” to do PSets with friends again, and be a productive member of society. Unable to support myself, I turned to others. Friends from the other side of campus dined with me daily. Neighbors brightened my day with witty and compassionate remarks, and my roommate crafted nine delightful paper pigs to cheer me up. I also spoke to my hall’s MedLink and Graduate Resident Tutor (both of whom were entirely awesome and helpful), who helped me discover and take advantage of MIT’s resources, which were plenty. Suddenly, I was not a girl on a raft in the middle of the ocean. With people to keep me afloat, I knew exactly what I had to do to return to the welcoming shores. With the help of Ayida Mthembu, a wonderful Dean at Student Support Services, I successfully bargained for academic extensions and excuses. When working in the room got intolerable, I’d venture into the lounge to develop random and crazy ideas with the hall’s residents. Most importantly, I reevaluated my life. I could not feasibly handle two jobs and four technical classes, even on Pass/No Record. Five weeks into the semester, I dropped both my math classes, and instead picked up the more straightforward 18.02 Calculus and 24.118 Paradox and Infinity, a philosophy class about cool math ideas (more on that later). Instead of horror and regret, I felt overwhelming relief. My life was under control at last. The Monday after, I woke up to something new. My eyelids were not burdened by sleep. The limbs did not hurt. MY MIND WAS CLEAR. I could work again!!! Every day afterwards added signs of improvement. Soon, I was able to complete PSets on time and with a great appreciation for the material. To prevent further health failures, I made a point to exercise in the Z-Center gym daily(-ish). After sunset, I walked along the glistening Charles. I loved my classes, new and old.  And I always left time to keep my support system strong. Now I am finally caught up on work missed during the two weeks of dysfunction. Sure, the deadlines still feel disastrous at times. But I love meeting them. With wonderful resources and a reduced workload, I have gained time and a peace of mind. I am well now. Today is a happy beginning.

Eradication of Sociocultural Barriers in Underpriviledged...

Murray (1999) in his study cited that the American Psychological Association’s 1999 Annual Convention was conducted in order to highlight the fact that it is very important to understand and eradicate socio-cultural differences in underprivileged countries for providing children a healthy environment for grooming their personalities. The convention concluded that discrimination, stereotypes and abuse are some of the negative outcomes of socio-cultural differences. There are evident cultural differences in parenting among different states of Nigeria. Many case studies have concluded the fact that every state has different literacy rate. Moreover, the religion practiced by majority of people in every state is also different. This is the reason that it is very difficult to analyze methods of parenting in Nigeria. However, in Rivers State where Christianity is practiced by more than 80% of the population, policy makers have been striving to implement communicative strategies in educational institute to provide young children a healthy environment for learning. Another factor which further emphasizes the need of eradication of socio-cultural barriers is evolving economy of the world. The hype of globalization as increased the number of multinational organizations, both in developing as well as developed countries. It means that educational institutes have to adopt different strategies for preparing children for the practical world. Effective communication skill is the need of the

Computer Engineering Ethics - 4002 Words

2.1 Learning Outcomes At the end of this class the course participant should be able to: ï‚ · Identify some contributors to social and professional issues and relate their achievements to the knowledge area ï‚ · Contrast between ethical and legal issues ï‚ · Contrast between a patent, a trademark, and a copyright ï‚ · Identify some ways of credentialing a person to practice computer engineering ï‚ · Describe issues that contrast risk issues with safety issues ï‚ · Identify some issues in computer engineering that address privacy ï‚ · Describe whistle blowing and the conflicts between ethics and practice that may result from doing so ï‚ · Describe how computer engineering uses or benefits from social and professional issues. 2.2 Reasons for Studying Social†¦show more content†¦The attention given by the media to computerrelated disasters in technical systems such as the explosion of the Ariane 5 rocket in 1996 and the Therac-25 computerized radiation machine overdoses has s timulated interest in Computer Engineering Ethics. 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Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry in the US Analysis Free Essays

DATE: September 16, 2012 TO: Patricia Bennett, Supervising Principal FROM: Connor Sims, Associate SUBJECT: Oil Drilling Gas Extraction Industry in the US Analysis (21111) This report presents information regarding the industry, the primary operator of oil and gas field properties. The industry fuels its key buyers, the Natural Gas Distribution (22121) and the Petroleum Refining (32411) industries, with crude oil and natural gas. The industry continuously battles a shortage of available oil. We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry in the US Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, many major oil fields have been in use for decades, slowly waning. Currently, the industry grosses among the most profitable in the US despite these and similar obstacles. The benefits of investing here potentially outweigh concerning risks. Because of the esteemed value of the industry’s products, consistent demand for its products, and its positive near-future outlook, diversification into this industry may produce rewarding profitability in the short-term. High Product Value Crude Oil Prices The key economic driver for the Oil Drilling Gas Extraction Industry, crude oil prices, determines much of its profitability according to supply and demand. Price trends in West Texas Intermediate, a grade of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing, display the growth of its value in the past 3 years and past decade. An average barrel of crude oil grew from $26. 18 in 2002 to $61. 95 in 2009, $79. 48 in 2010, and $94. 87 in 2011 (Airlines, 2012). JP Morgan analysts project average annual prices above $99 in upcoming years (Sethuraman, 2012). Such upward growth points to lucrative profits. Natural Gas Outlook Natural gas production accounts for 41. 6% of industry revenue in 2012. Prices n natural gas reached a 10-year low in April this year, but have erupted by more than 70% since (Hargreaves, 2012). Natural gas has seen an abundantly large output due to recent discoveries of natural gas in the Appalachian Basin; this large supply has kept prices relatively low recently, leaving opportunity for even higher profitability in future years. Consistent Demand Fueling US Industries The Oil Drilling Gas Extraction Industry is the sole supp ly industry for its two demand industries, Petroleum Refining and Natural Gas Distribution (Hersch). The US internally consumes 19,150,000 barrels of oil per day, doubling the world’s second largest consumer, China (Index, 2012). IBIS World describes the industry’s demand industries as â€Å"mature,† assuring the stable demand for our industry’s products (Hersch). Rising Exports, Foreign Buyers Current international relations appear conducive to this industry’s profitability. In 2011, for the first time since 1949, the US exported more refined oil than it imported (Winters, 2012); this evidences the success between the supply industry and its demand industries detailed above. Additionally, oil exports to China will surge as it industrializes quickly. China’s exponentially growing demand leads to worldwide price increases (Hersch). Any increases, particularly increase this substantial, raise the WTI average price per barrel, increasing profitability. Positive Current Standing Favorable Market Concentration The four largest firms in the industry comprise of approximately 30. 0% of total revenue (Hersch, 2012). Market share concentration is low, allowing firms of any size to portion the industry’s $345. 9 billion revenue this year. The competitive aspect of entering this industry would not be a difficult obstacle to overcome. Profit Margin The Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry reels in a significantly larger margin in comparison to related industries. 46% of all industry revenue goes to profit, higher than the average for the entire mining sector, 39. 2% (Hersch, 2012). In 2008, the industry returned the 7th highest profit margin among US industries (Hargreaves). Profit margins have increased in the past 5 years as result of rising crude oil prices. Risks and Concerns Barriers of Entry Most major oil and gas producers integrate services beyond drilling and extracting; many dualize as refining or distribution firms, circumventing demand industries en route to more direct profitability. New firms lacking this versatility may find an obstacle upon entry to the industry (Hersch, 2012). Additionally, firms in this industry must specialize in exploration and discovery for oil and gas resources. Firms may struggle finding initial success in this role due to the limited nature of resources. Long-term Resource Depletion ‘Peak oil’ refers to the prime of any field’s production, after which goes into terminal decline. Most major US oil fields are beyond peak oil. The largest US oil field, Prudhoe Bay, has been depleting since 1979 (Prudhoe, 2012). The US Energy Information Administration indicates much production, particularly in the Alaskan North Slope, depends on world oil prices (Energy, 2012). Geophysicists and politicians debate over specifications regarding overall US peak oil, arguing the year in which US peak oil occurred. International Comparison In addition to the US peak oil situation, the US Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry faces heavy foreign market competition. In 2011, the US ranked 3rd in oil production, behind Saudi Arabia and Russia (Energy, 2012). Saudi Arabia’s OPEC governor expects Saudi output to rise steadily beyond 2030 with a 1. 5 million barrel per day spare production capacity then (Energy, 2012). Russia holds the world’s largest natural gas reserves, and its fuel exports have steadily increased since each year since 1999 (Energy, 2012). Conclusion Despite entry risks and threats of limited resources, evidence supports the likelihood of success for us to diversify into the industry under certain stipulations. A new firm will implicitly face the challenge of exploring for land not already claimed by another firm. Additionally, alternative methods of energy will irrefutably have to replace oil drilling and gas extraction within an uncertain future; the remaining supply simply cannot match the demand forever. Two central obstacles hesitate immediate diversification: a barrier of entry and a negative long-term outlook. However, we must decide whether the benefits outweigh the concerns. World prices of oil and gas and China’s growing demand directly affect profitability. Because evidence above shows substantial progress in both of these drivers with a very positive short-term outlook, diversification must be considered. If presence in the industry can be established quickly and will remain only until profitability falls, I recommend diversification. References Airlines For America (2012). Annual Crude Oil and Jet Fuel Prices. http://www. airlines. org/Pages/Annual-Crude-Oil-and- Jet-Fuel-Prices. aspx.. Retrieved September 16, 2012. Energy Information Administration (2012). Project Alaska North Slope oil production at risk beyond 2025 if oil prices drop sharply. Today In Energy. http://www. ia. gov/todayinenergy/detail. cfm? id=7970 Retrieved September 16, 2012. Prudhoe Bay Fact Sheet (2012). British Petroleum. www. bp. com/assets/bp†¦ us†¦ /A03_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet. pdf Retrieved September 16, 2012. Hargreaves, Steve (2012). Natural gas prices surge 70%. CNN Money. http://money. cnn. com/2012/07/24/investing/natural-gas- – prices/i ndex. htm. Retrieved September 16, 2012. Hersch, Laura. (2012). IBIS World Industry Report 21111. Oil Drilling Extraction In the US. Retrieved September 16, 2012 from IBIS World Database. How the US Uses Oil (2012). Alternative Energy. Retrieved September 16, 2012. ttp://alternativeenergy. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=001797 Index Mundi (2012). http://www. indexmundi. com/g/r. aspx? c=usv=91. Retrieved September 16, 2012. Sethuraman, Nathan (2012). Poll: Increasing numbers see oil below $100 in 2013, 2014. Reuters. http://www. reuters. com/article/2012/06/27/us-oil-poll- idUSBRE85Q14720120627. Retrieved September 16, 2012. Winter, Michael (2012). U. S. Exported more gasoline than imported last year. USA Today. http://content. usatoday. com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/0 2/us-exported-more-gasoline-than-imported-last-year/1#. UFav7BhGhgI How to cite Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry in the US Analysis, Papers

The rate of smoking among HIV positive cases.

Proposed Title of the Research Study The efficacy of use of work groups in reducing the rate of smoking among HIV positive cases.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rate of Smoking Among HIV Positive Cases. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary of the Proposed Study In summary this project intends to investigate the efficacy that group work among HIV positive smokers has in reducing their rate of smoking behavior and thereby inform on design of effective health programs that will achieve the same. To determine if use of group work among HIV positive smokers will be an effective strategy in reducing smoking habit among the target cases, then it is essential that this study establish if use of group work will be effective in reducing smoking behavior. Thus, this project will also find out if there is a correlation between group work and reduced rate of smoking among HIV positive cases. Purpose of the p roposed study The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact that work groups have among HIV positive smokers as far as their smoking behaviors is concerned. Hypothesis HA: Work group is an effective strategy of reducing smoking behavior among HIV positive cases who are smokers. Research Questions 1. Is use of work groups among HIV positive smokers an effective strategy that can be reliably used in reducing rate of smoking behavior among these cases?Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 2. Does use of work groups among HIV positive smokers has any health benefits to them? Literature Review Since HIV Aids became a health issue in the early 1980s, there have been 60 million cases that are approximated to have been infected with the disease while another 25 million are estimated to have died because of the disease (UNAIDS, 2010; UNESCAP, 2010). Among these cases more t han 67% of all HIV infections occur in Africa which sadly accounts for more than 90% of all new HIV infections that occur among children (Kent, 2010). In addition, majority of HIV cases are comprised of young people for whom we know the smoking prevalence to be exceptionally high. Cigarette smoking among HIV positive cases has adverse health implications for several reasons; one, because HIV among pregnant women occurs at already very high rates, then smoking among HIV positive pregnant women becomes critical as it worsens the health condition of both the mother and the newborn (Thebody.org, 2010). Secondly, cigarette smoking among HIV positive subjects worsens tuberculosis condition among infected cases and is itself a risk factor for tuberculosis disease (WHO, 2010). This is when you consider that tuberculosis is the number one cause of death for persons infected with HIV AIDs (Nooritajer, 2008); in Sub-Saharan Africa, tuberculosis related complications are the cause for 30% death s among the 25 million peoples infected with HIV (Unicef, 2010). In 2008, tuberculosis related deaths were responsible for approximately 1.8 million deaths worldwide which translates to 5,000 persons in a day (Lynn, 2010); while another 2 billion people are estimated to be infected by the WHO, making it by far the worst public health crisis that had ever affected humanity (2010). Finally, cigarette smoking directly and adversely affects fetuses and children in general not to mention even adults through indirect smoke (Thedccentre.com, 2010). Thus, any health program that is aimed at curbing the rate of cigarette smoking among HIV positive cases will go a long way towards preventing all these health concerns among the target cases. Research Methodology The research design for this research will be a cohort study that utilizes use of questionnaire as well as desk-based review of relevant literature. Desk based research will analyze the existing literature on the same topic of HIV case s and the efficacy of group work in reducing smoking habit.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rate of Smoking Among HIV Positive Cases. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Depending on the group sizes survey research design can also be used; survey research designs involve data collection from a specified sample size in order to arrive at an accurate assessment of the whole population regarding specific variables that the study intends to find out (Babbie, 1992; Newman, 1994). As such survey research study is most suitable in studies that involve investigation of opinions, behaviors, attitudes, perceptions, culture orientation and so on which is similar to what we shall be investigating in this case (Adams and Schvaneveldt, 1985; Shuttleworth, 2010). That is the impact that work groups have in influencing HIV positive cases from heightened level of smoking. Survey research study is especially suited to t his type of study since it is possible to customize the research study to focus on key areas of interest (Kovacs, 1985; Leedy, 1993). Additionally, questionnaires will be used to collect data on key variables of the research study which would be targeted at the two groups of individuals; the HIV positive smokers participating in work groups (cases) and HIV positive smokers not participating in work groups whom in this case will be the control group. For this reason, this research will be designed in a form of cohort study where cases from both categories will be followed up over time to determine if the HIV positive smokers participating in work groups do indeed have reduced spans of smoking compared to those who don’t participate in work groups. Significance of the research This research study is relevant in that it will lead to formulation of effective strategies that will enable caregivers design programs for HIV positive cases that are meant to empower them reduce their s moking habits. More importantly, the findings of this research study will go a long way towards improving the overall health of HIV positive smokers and thereby reduce the chances of health complications among these cases. Generally, the implications of research findings that will be obtained from this study are many and include strengthening of health programs aimed at HIV positive smokers as well as generation of crucial information that will increase the available literature review in this field of study. Ethical considerations This research study will conform with relevant laws that governs all form of research studies at both local and international levels. Permits and licenses will be applied and relevant authorities informed beforehand so as to obtain their consent well on time.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Because this research study will involve use of questionnaires among human subjects I intend to guarantee the privacy of respondent and their feedback in accordance with the international standards of research studies. Anticipated problems and limitations Like all other research studies, this too will be limited by issues of time and costs; because time and cost factors impacts on the final results of a study, this research study will be limited in both its breadth and depth and generalization of the findings might not be applicable in a wide scale. Finally, there is possibility of other factors that could negatively or positively impact on smoking habits among study subjects which are likely to interfere with my research questions as they will compound the variables that I will be investigating. References Adams, G. Schvaneveldt, K. (1985). Understanding Research Methods. New York, NY; Longman Inc. Babbie, E. (1992). The Practice of Social Research. California, CA; Wadswork Publis hing Company. Kovacs, A. (1985). The Research Process: Essential of Skill Development. Philadelphia. Davis Company. Kent, J. (2010). Statistics: HIV AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www.flowjo.com/home/africa/statistics.html Lynn, J. (2010). Malaria AIDS, TB in Retreat-Global Fund. Retrieved from http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE6271IG.html Leedy, P. (1993). Practical Research: Planning and Design. New York, NY; Macmillan Publishing Company. Nooritajer M. (2008). Review of tuberculosis. Middle East Journal of Nursing, 2(2): 542-563. Newman, L. (1994). Social Research Methods. Boston; Allys Bacons. Shuttleworth, M. (2010). Pretest-Posttest Research Designs. Retrieved from http://www.experiment-resources.com/pretest-posttest-designs.html. Thedccentre.com. (2010). Smoking and HIV Aids. Retrieved from http://www.thedccenter.org/facts_smokinghiv.html Thebody.org. (2010). Cigarette Smoking and HIV Aids. Retrieved from http://www.thebody.com/index/treat/smo king.html Unicef. (2010). The Africa malaria and TB report. Retrieved from http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/amd2003/amr2003/pdf/amr2003.pdf UNESCAP. (2010). Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. Retrieved from http://www.mdgasiapacific.org/files/shared_folder/documents/fs_sea_mdg_goal6.pdf UNAIDS. (2010). Middle East and North Africa: AIDS epidemic update Regional  Summary. Retrieved from http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/jc1531_epibriefs_mena_en.pdf WHO. (2010). Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/ This research paper on The Rate of Smoking Among HIV Positive Cases. was written and submitted by user Bella M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.