The rate of smoking among HIV positive cases.

Proposed Title of the Research Study The efficacy of use of work groups in reducing the rate of smoking among HIV positive cases.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rate of Smoking Among HIV Positive Cases. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary of the Proposed Study In summary this project intends to investigate the efficacy that group work among HIV positive smokers has in reducing their rate of smoking behavior and thereby inform on design of effective health programs that will achieve the same. To determine if use of group work among HIV positive smokers will be an effective strategy in reducing smoking habit among the target cases, then it is essential that this study establish if use of group work will be effective in reducing smoking behavior. Thus, this project will also find out if there is a correlation between group work and reduced rate of smoking among HIV positive cases. Purpose of the p roposed study The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact that work groups have among HIV positive smokers as far as their smoking behaviors is concerned. Hypothesis HA: Work group is an effective strategy of reducing smoking behavior among HIV positive cases who are smokers. Research Questions 1. Is use of work groups among HIV positive smokers an effective strategy that can be reliably used in reducing rate of smoking behavior among these cases?Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 2. Does use of work groups among HIV positive smokers has any health benefits to them? Literature Review Since HIV Aids became a health issue in the early 1980s, there have been 60 million cases that are approximated to have been infected with the disease while another 25 million are estimated to have died because of the disease (UNAIDS, 2010; UNESCAP, 2010). Among these cases more t han 67% of all HIV infections occur in Africa which sadly accounts for more than 90% of all new HIV infections that occur among children (Kent, 2010). In addition, majority of HIV cases are comprised of young people for whom we know the smoking prevalence to be exceptionally high. Cigarette smoking among HIV positive cases has adverse health implications for several reasons; one, because HIV among pregnant women occurs at already very high rates, then smoking among HIV positive pregnant women becomes critical as it worsens the health condition of both the mother and the newborn (Thebody.org, 2010). Secondly, cigarette smoking among HIV positive subjects worsens tuberculosis condition among infected cases and is itself a risk factor for tuberculosis disease (WHO, 2010). This is when you consider that tuberculosis is the number one cause of death for persons infected with HIV AIDs (Nooritajer, 2008); in Sub-Saharan Africa, tuberculosis related complications are the cause for 30% death s among the 25 million peoples infected with HIV (Unicef, 2010). In 2008, tuberculosis related deaths were responsible for approximately 1.8 million deaths worldwide which translates to 5,000 persons in a day (Lynn, 2010); while another 2 billion people are estimated to be infected by the WHO, making it by far the worst public health crisis that had ever affected humanity (2010). Finally, cigarette smoking directly and adversely affects fetuses and children in general not to mention even adults through indirect smoke (Thedccentre.com, 2010). Thus, any health program that is aimed at curbing the rate of cigarette smoking among HIV positive cases will go a long way towards preventing all these health concerns among the target cases. Research Methodology The research design for this research will be a cohort study that utilizes use of questionnaire as well as desk-based review of relevant literature. Desk based research will analyze the existing literature on the same topic of HIV case s and the efficacy of group work in reducing smoking habit.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rate of Smoking Among HIV Positive Cases. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Depending on the group sizes survey research design can also be used; survey research designs involve data collection from a specified sample size in order to arrive at an accurate assessment of the whole population regarding specific variables that the study intends to find out (Babbie, 1992; Newman, 1994). As such survey research study is most suitable in studies that involve investigation of opinions, behaviors, attitudes, perceptions, culture orientation and so on which is similar to what we shall be investigating in this case (Adams and Schvaneveldt, 1985; Shuttleworth, 2010). That is the impact that work groups have in influencing HIV positive cases from heightened level of smoking. Survey research study is especially suited to t his type of study since it is possible to customize the research study to focus on key areas of interest (Kovacs, 1985; Leedy, 1993). Additionally, questionnaires will be used to collect data on key variables of the research study which would be targeted at the two groups of individuals; the HIV positive smokers participating in work groups (cases) and HIV positive smokers not participating in work groups whom in this case will be the control group. For this reason, this research will be designed in a form of cohort study where cases from both categories will be followed up over time to determine if the HIV positive smokers participating in work groups do indeed have reduced spans of smoking compared to those who don’t participate in work groups. Significance of the research This research study is relevant in that it will lead to formulation of effective strategies that will enable caregivers design programs for HIV positive cases that are meant to empower them reduce their s moking habits. More importantly, the findings of this research study will go a long way towards improving the overall health of HIV positive smokers and thereby reduce the chances of health complications among these cases. Generally, the implications of research findings that will be obtained from this study are many and include strengthening of health programs aimed at HIV positive smokers as well as generation of crucial information that will increase the available literature review in this field of study. Ethical considerations This research study will conform with relevant laws that governs all form of research studies at both local and international levels. Permits and licenses will be applied and relevant authorities informed beforehand so as to obtain their consent well on time.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Because this research study will involve use of questionnaires among human subjects I intend to guarantee the privacy of respondent and their feedback in accordance with the international standards of research studies. Anticipated problems and limitations Like all other research studies, this too will be limited by issues of time and costs; because time and cost factors impacts on the final results of a study, this research study will be limited in both its breadth and depth and generalization of the findings might not be applicable in a wide scale. Finally, there is possibility of other factors that could negatively or positively impact on smoking habits among study subjects which are likely to interfere with my research questions as they will compound the variables that I will be investigating. References Adams, G. Schvaneveldt, K. (1985). Understanding Research Methods. New York, NY; Longman Inc. Babbie, E. (1992). The Practice of Social Research. California, CA; Wadswork Publis hing Company. Kovacs, A. (1985). The Research Process: Essential of Skill Development. Philadelphia. Davis Company. Kent, J. (2010). Statistics: HIV AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www.flowjo.com/home/africa/statistics.html Lynn, J. (2010). Malaria AIDS, TB in Retreat-Global Fund. Retrieved from http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE6271IG.html Leedy, P. (1993). Practical Research: Planning and Design. New York, NY; Macmillan Publishing Company. Nooritajer M. (2008). Review of tuberculosis. Middle East Journal of Nursing, 2(2): 542-563. Newman, L. (1994). Social Research Methods. Boston; Allys Bacons. Shuttleworth, M. (2010). Pretest-Posttest Research Designs. Retrieved from http://www.experiment-resources.com/pretest-posttest-designs.html. Thedccentre.com. (2010). Smoking and HIV Aids. Retrieved from http://www.thedccenter.org/facts_smokinghiv.html Thebody.org. (2010). Cigarette Smoking and HIV Aids. Retrieved from http://www.thebody.com/index/treat/smo king.html Unicef. (2010). The Africa malaria and TB report. Retrieved from http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/amd2003/amr2003/pdf/amr2003.pdf UNESCAP. (2010). Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. Retrieved from http://www.mdgasiapacific.org/files/shared_folder/documents/fs_sea_mdg_goal6.pdf UNAIDS. (2010). Middle East and North Africa: AIDS epidemic update Regional  Summary. Retrieved from http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/jc1531_epibriefs_mena_en.pdf WHO. (2010). Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/ This research paper on The Rate of Smoking Among HIV Positive Cases. was written and submitted by user Bella M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bullying Suicide and Children Essays

Bullying Suicide and Children Essays Bullying: Suicide and Children Essays Bullying Analyzing a Major Issue Bullying Bullying is a major issue in your country today. Many people think to themselves what does bullying really mean. â€Å"Bullying is an unwanted aggressive behavior among school age children that involves a real perceived power imbalanced†. (Stop Bullying) Bullying happens all over our country and happens in many different places. Here are some examples of Bullying teasing, name calling, inappropriate sexual comments, taunting, and threating to cause harm. As you can see bullying has many different forms. Bullying does not have to be right in front of a person. People could be spreading rumors, bad-mouthing a person and that still considered bullying. Now a day with the technology children and teens are being bullied by the phone, texting, emailing and video recordings. Bullying does not only have to take place in our schools. It takes place with sport groups, youth groups and yes it does take place with our adults in the work place. Yes its true bullying does happen among adul ts also in the work force. It seems weird and wrong because we are all adults and should know better but it’s true it happens. Bullying is also taking place with our seniors in their groups, nursing homes and senior living facility’s. Being bullied has many effects on children and teens. Some might become depressed and think that they aren’t loved, which will also play a toll on them always feeling sad. Anxiety could also become a problem with a child or teen because they won’t want to go to school because they will fear about getting bullied and that no one likes them. Children’s sleeping and eating habits could also change for them. When someone is being bullied they start to think that they are worthless and don’t take care of themselves since no one likes me. A child’s grades and work could decrease and they don’t feel like doing it. (That would be another example of the child thinking they are worthless).Some children bec ome self-consciousness about themselves because of being made fun of. They feel that they aren’t pretty or cute, not good enough for people to like them. Children’s self-esteem also would go away because with being made fun of, once again they feel that they aren’t good enough. Not good enough to be a good student, athlete, boyfriend, girlfriend, and also not a good friend. Children and teens should have a good self-esteem so they can achieve the goals that they have in life. No child should go thru what kids go thru now a days. Researching about bullying and talking with parents that kids are being bullied, they have expressed also that the students don’t want to go to school and more. Some have even said they want to drop out of school. Bullying statistics 2010 say bullying (Stop Bullying, Harrassment, and Violence , 2009)is a crime that is not going away anytime soon. They are saying the 2.7 million students are being bullied each year. This defiantly shows that too many students are being bullied; they should have to deal with this. In your country on in four students are being bullied on a daily basis. Every day there are students that are witnessing these students being bullied and aren’t doing anything to help them. Students don’t want to get involved because they feel if they do then they will become a victim of bullying. Sources have said that 54 percent of students that are doing the bullying are witnessing it at home and coming to school thinking if their parents can then they can. This is another reason we have the school violence that we have. Our children and teens shouldn’t have to go thru with all this. They should be able to go to school and feel safe. Schools should have things at schools to teach the parents about bullying. They should even have training sessions for our educators about bullying so they can stop it. Our teachers are seeing it more than us parents do during school hours. Paren ts and schools should take a stand and help out our children who are

Understand Fiberglass Boat Delamination

Understand Fiberglass Boat Delamination In the early days of fiberglass boat construction the durability and strength of the material was underestimated. Builders formed thick hulls with integrated tubular ribs and stringers. Since this was the time before computer aided design tools, builders in the North Western United States built using the old default method of more is better. In 1956, when the first fiberglass boat was built, the material was very new but already found acceptance in aviation and automotive industries. The only way to build at that time used layers of fiberglass impregnated with acrylic resin that hardened when cured. Large molds allowed entire hulls to be made as one piece with no seams. Some wooden structure was added inside the hull for rigidity and it was bonded in with more fiberglass material. No precautions were taken to compress the curing hull or eliminate air bubbles in the structure as is done today. We know this method as solid core construction. Fiberglass materials remained expensive, and as demand for these new boats increased, manufactures began cutting costs to compete in the marketplace. Soon a layer of wood was added to lighten and strengthen the hulls and decks. The fiberglass and wood sandwich was a great combination until one of the outer surfaces of the fiberglass was breached. This is called wood core construction. It didn’t take a crash on the rocks to let water into the wood layer. Small cracks allowed the wood to become soaked and it swelled, and then rotted. Soon the inner and outer fiberglass layers couldn’t do their job and broke down from repeated flexing. This was the first type of fiberglass delamination and the failures damaged the boat building industry badly since many manufacturers had transitioned to all fiberglass construction, leaving more traditional materials behind. Fiberglass construction was quickly becoming known as poor quality because of delamination issues. Two Types of Delamination   The first type of delamination, where a wood core either separates or disintegrates, is very difficult to repair. One of the fiberglass surfaces needs to be removed to access the core. It’s usually the inner skin that’s removed because it’s less visible so finish quality is not as important.   The process is expensive and requires skilled labor; many boats were scrapped because of the cost of repair. Even with today’s modern materials and processes this kind of repair is difficult. Another type of delamination is similar but without the wooden layer. In these cases tiny flaws in the fiberglass itself allow air to be trapped. If the hull is cared for badly, water can enter through microscopic channels and enter these voids filled with air. Expansion and contraction of these tiny bits of water will make the voids grow horizontally along the layers of fiberglass cloth and resin binder. Temperature fluctuation causes the expansion and contraction of the water and if freezing and thawing are encountered the voids will grow quickly. Small bumps soon become visible in the smooth finish. These bumps are called blisters and it’s a serious condition. Blister Repair The only way to repair this damage is to remove the outer gel coat and underlying fiberglass material to access the damage. It is then filled with new resin and the gel coat is patched. It sounds easy, but unless you have considerable experience working with composites it’s easy to make the situation worse. If the boat is going to get a new coat of paint the problem of color matching isn’t an issue. Blending a patch into existing paint is an art form and lighter colors are much easier to match than bright or dark paints. Mechanical bonding is the larger issue since the new patch is only connected to the hull through adhesive properties. The same vibrations that formed tiny cracks will cause the boundary of the patch to loosen. Some blister repair involves drilling a few very small holes and injecting an epoxy compound. The blister is then compressed while the epoxy cures. This allows the patch to become a more integrated part of the hull. Causes of Blisters Marine growth can penetrate the gel coat and allow water into the structural area. Keeping a clean bottom and using an anti-fouling paint is the most important step. Abuse is another way tiny cracks form and allow the entry of water. Some boats are exposed to these conditions as a normal course of wear. Other boats are needlessly used in a careless way and this causes hull problems. Never allow someone to load heavy objects on the cabin top or jump onto the deck from the dock. Not only is it dangerous, but it can lead to delamination in these areas which will grow with further vibration from normal use. Poor storage practices like leaving water in the bilge can lead to severe delamination. Even in tropical climates the expansion and contraction of water trapped between layers of fiberglass can raise blisters. In climates which freeze and thaw often it’s possible a small blister can turn into a â€Å"pop† where the outer surface is torn away by the pressure of internal ice. Pops can be fixed with the same processes as a blister but the extent of the damage is unknown and the hull is permanently compromised. Sonic survey can reveal some of the damage but prevention is far easier.

Topic - An Exploration of My Career Choice dentist Essay

Topic - An Exploration of My Career Choice dentist - Essay Example Dentists are skilled professionals and they contribute to the well being of the society as well. Many dentists also provide free service to the needy poor people showing the humble feelings engraved in their mind during their education. Another advantage of being a dentist is that dentists do not have to work under some other person and they can be their own boss. Since they are self employed they can easily manage and balance their professional and personal lives in a proper manner. Dentists would be in big demand in the coming future mainly because of the modern and stressed lifestyles of the individuals. People would need dentists to maintain their oral hygiene and for keeping their teeth free from dieses in order to avoid any dental problem in the future. As per the information available on the website of world dental federation, there are approximately 1,36,000 dentists working in USA and the demand for them, would only increase as the number of oral problems in the younger gene ration is the highest among the developed world. Dentistry is a profession which is changing and evolving rapidly. Dentists are required to treat patients with a variety of dental issues like teeth scaling, gum dieses, filling and many more.

Sam 340 unit 3 replaced Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sam 340 unit 3 replaced - Essay Example Risk management has two sides. It has both negative and positive sides. Risk management can therefore be counterproductive if at all it does not receive the full support of the stakeholders (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, pp. 110). This is common whenever they have conflicting ideas which they intend to implement. Lack of support and improper implementation automatically leads to lack of achievement with regard to the initial objectives of the risk management programme. However, this paper argues from the point of view that risk management in line with legal and ethical principles is necessary in the sports industry. Risk management helps in the area of intervention and prevention (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, pp. 96). The emergence of problems will be controlled in addition to having a comprehensive framework to handle problems that will have come up. It is therefore necessary to incorporate a proper risk management strategy. The reason for this personal opinion is because risk management puts the sports manager in a good position to anticipate and prepare for sports’ risks. This enhances a smooth transition for the benefit of a team with regard to its overall performance/results/output and saving of time and

A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America | Book Review

A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America | Book Review A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail, a novel by Bill Bryson takes you through the journey of a man looking to connect with more then just his local environment, but explore nature and go where many do not dare to go. Although Bryson does not touch every single mile he wishes to, at the end of his journey he fulfills more then ever imagined. Bryson creates a sense of place in a variety of different ways. Brysons feelings towards his preparations for the Appalachian Trail give us a better understanding of the sense of place. Are you saying, Dave, that I pay $250 for a pack and it doesnt have straps and it isnt water proof? Does it have a bottom in it? (Bryce, 10). Bryce heads to his local sporting goods store to talk with an expert on the trail. Dave Mengle tells Bryce he must purchase sleeping bags, boots, tents, thermal clothing, cook sets, and packs. We can infer that the trail is not simple and requires previous preparation in order to assure ones safety. Bryce begins to realize that this task may not be as easy as he thought and must prepare for any dangerous encounters he may face with nature. We get a more clear view of the sense of place and began to see the surroundings that Bryce encounters when they enter what seems to be his favorite part of the trip so far, the Shenandoah National Park. He enjoys the lively scenery which includes grouse, deer, owls, and turkeys. Not to mention the easier terrain, this being their favorite part. However, not every animal encounter is pleasant. Bryson remarks, I think I have a right to be a trifle alarmed, pardon me. Im in the woods, in the middle of nowhere, in the dark, staring at a bear, with a guy who has nothing to defend himself with but a pair of nail clippers. (Bryson, 142). Bryson becomes fearful when he hears an animal in their cam, but this quickly fades when he realizes that the bear only wishes to drink from a nearby stream. As Bryson says, It was a miracle, I swear to God. Just when I was about to lie down and give myself to the wolves and bobcats, I look up and theres a white blaze on a tree and I look down and Im standing on the AT. (Bryson, p. 266) We can conclude that towards the end of the novel a final connection was made between Bryson and Mother Nature. Although Bryson didnt complete every step of the 2,200-mile trail he realized that this is not necessary in order to get the fulfillment he desired before seen starting his journey through the Appalachian Trail. First, Bryson demonstrates human-environment interaction when he must quickly learn to adapt to his environment and knows that this is necessary in order for him to begin his hike down the Appalachian Trail. One of the more clear themes is location of the story which takes place on the Appalachian Trail. The AT is a marked hiking trail in the eastern United States, extending between Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine. Brysons new location to Hanover, New Hampshire gives him the urge to begin traveling the trail after coming across part of the trail. There were many landmarks throughout Brysons journey to demonstrate place. Springer Mountain is the southern trailhead of the AT. Amicalola Falls Lodge is seven miles from their starting point at Springer Mountain in northern Georgia. While they are still in northern Georgia, the trail takes Bryson and Katz over a narrow ledge along Big Butt Mountain. Finally, Bishop Boarding House welcomes Bryson and Katz as they em erge from the Maine woods. Mrs. Bishop assures them that the woods will still be there if they decide to try again.

Us Economy After the Civil War

MSS220 US Economy After the Civil War The north and the south both experienced a slight struggle after the Civil War concerning agriculture, commerce and the state of the economy. A southern newspaper out of Augustus County, The Staunton Spectator, offered several articles that gave insight as to what the conditions were like after the war had ended. One article, â€Å"Grape Culture† explained the possible profit one could obtain by adding grapes to their normal crops. Grapes were extremely expensive when fully grown since they were used mostly for wine.Although farmers were not skilled enough to make the wine themselves, they could sell the grapes and make a total of 400-500 dollars per acre after purchasing seeds for less than 100 dollars. This article shows that most agriculture in the south was not as profitable as it was before the war. The push to increase agricultural revenue shows that this was a time of struggle. Another article, â€Å"Our Town and Its Business† stated that the farmers had been doing well and making some profit despite the poor conditions that followed the war.It described the south as thriftier than ever, with more energy and industry than they had before the war. The article â€Å"Home Industry† pushed the notion of making their own products at home in the south rather than supporting the north and sending away for household items. Both articles seemed optimistic and supported the idea that southern industry would become stronger in the future. The Valley Spirit was a newspaper from the north in Franklin County, whose articles provided the same insights.One article â€Å"The Coming Crops of this Country† explained that the year before had not been very profitable but that in the coming harvest, conditions were ideal. The crops would have a much higher yield than the year before, leading to much more revenue for northern farmers. This article shows the northerners had high hopes for larger profits than the preceding year and for agricultural prosperity. Another article â€Å"Business in Chambersburg† urged farmers to do their business locally rather than in larger cities. Buying produce from local stores costs just as much as it did in the larger cities . It was also heaper to buy products in bulk from the local stores since discounts were given when products were bought in larger quantities. Again, the article shows that saving money was of high interest to the northerners and that local support was needed. Both newspapers show that the economy all over the country was not as strong as it was before the war. They both seem to focus on the increase of agricultural profit, saving money and an optimistic outlook on the future. Though the articles showed that the north and south did not want to support each other, it was obvious that they were going through the same struggles.